Florfenicol prodrug having improved water solubility

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses methods of using phosphate esters of florfenicol (prodrugs) and florfenicol analogs having superior water solubility that are hydrolyzed to florfenicol or the respective florfenicol analog in vivo, upon administration to an animal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/016,794 filed Dec. 20, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,842 B2, which is a non-provisional application that claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/532,227 filed Dec. 23, 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to phosphate esters of florfenicol, including a florfenicol prodrug having superior water solubility, and phosphate esters of florfenicol analogs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Florfenicol is a structural analog of thiamphenicol, which in turn is a derivative of chloramphenicol [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,892, 5,352,832, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties].

Florfenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic with activity against many gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including utility in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections due to susceptible pathogens in birds, reptiles, fish, shellfish and mammals. One of florfenicol's primary uses is in the treatment of pneumonia and associated respiratory infections in cattle (often referred to generically as Bovine Respiratory Disease or BRD) caused by Mannhemia haemolytica, Pasturella multocida and/or Haemophilus somnus, also known as Histophilus somni. It is also indicated in the treatment of: pododermatitis in cattle caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacterioides melaninogenicus; swine respiratory disease caused by Pasturella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella cholerasuis and/or Mycoplasma spp.; colibacillosis in chickens caused by Escherichia coli; enteric septicemia in catfish caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri; and furunculosis in salmon caused by Aeromonas salmonicida. Other genera of bacteria that have exhibited susceptibility to florfenicol include Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Bordetella, Proteus and Shigella. In particular, chloramphenicol-resistant strains of organisms, such as K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, S. typhus and E. coli, are susceptible to florfenicol.

Florfenicol is most often administered to subjects which can benefit from its advantages either orally or parenterally, the latter being primarily intramuscular or intravenous. Due to its very low water solubility (approximately one mg/mL), organic solvents must be added to achieve the desired product concentration in a commercial formulation. For example, in NUFLOR® (veterinary-labeled florfenicol formulation in the United States and Canada), the organic solvents N-methylpyrrolidinone, propylene glycol and/or polyethylene glycol are used to afford florfenicol solubility of 300 mg/mL. Unfortunately, when administered parenterally, these solvents often cause significant localized irritation. Therefore, there is a need for a more water-soluble form of florfenicol.

The citation of any reference herein should not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as “Prior Art” to the instant application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention therefore, provides a water-soluble form of florfenicol that has substantially greater aqueous solubility than florfenicol itself. Preferably a water-soluble form of florfenicol of the present invention is also a prodrug that rapidly and efficiently converts to florfenicol in vivo. One aspect of the present invention therefore provides a florfenicol phosphate ester (e.g., a florfenicol prodrug) having the chemical structure:

The present invention further provides salts of this florfenicol phosphate ester. Such salts may be useful in the stable storage of the florfenicol phosphate esters. Preferably, the florfenicol phosphate ester salts comprise pharmaceutically-acceptable counterions. In a particular embodiment, the acids and pharmaceutically-acceptable florfenicol phosphate ester salts of the present invention may be depicted as:

wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are independently selected to be either H⁺ or a pharmaceutically-acceptable mono-cation, or alternatively, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ can be taken together as a pharmaceutically-acceptable di-cation.

In one embodiment of the present invention, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are independently selected to be H⁺, Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, or K⁺. In a particular embodiment of this type, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are respectively, H⁺ and Na⁺. In another particular embodiment of this type, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are both Na⁺. In yet another embodiment, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ taken together are Ca⁺². In still another embodiment, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ taken together are Mg⁺².

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are independently selected to be either H⁺ or a protonated amine. In another embodiment of the present invention, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are respectively, H⁺ and a protonated amine comprising the chemical formula NR¹R²R³H⁺. In still another embodiment, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are both a protonated amine comprising the chemical formula NR¹R²R³H⁺. With regard to the protonated amine comprising the chemical formula NR¹R²R³H⁺: R¹, R², and R³ are independently selected to be either H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH₂CH₂OH and —CH₂C(CH₂OH)₃. Alternatively, R¹ is as provided above, but R² and R³ are linked to form a five or six membered ring. In a specific embodiment of this type, the ring is pirolidine, piperidine or morpholine.

Examples of amine cations of the present invention include, but are not limited to:

In still another embodiment M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ taken together form a bis-protonated diamine. Examples of bis-protonated diamines of the present invention include:

In yet another embodiment M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ comprise respectively, H⁺ and a mono-cationic form of a dibasic aminoacid. In a particular embodiment of this type, the mono-cationic form of the dibasic aminoacid comprises one of the following two chemical formulas:

In still another embodiment M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ taken together comprise a di-cationic form of a dibasic aminoacid. In a particular embodiment of this type, the di-cationic form of the dibasic aminoacid comprises one of the two following chemical formulas:

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are independently selected to be either H⁺, meglumine, benzocaine, or procaine. In a particular embodiment of this type, either M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are H⁺, while the other is either meglumine, benzocaine or procaine.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a formulation that comprises Formula I as a mixture of two or more salts. In a particular embodiment of this type, for one salt, M₁ ⁺ or M₂ ⁺ is H⁺, whereas the other is a specific counterion, wherein for the second salt, both M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are that specific counterion. In a related embodiment, M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ of the first salt are identical counterions, but not H⁺, whereas M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ of the second salt are also identical counterions, but are neither H⁺, nor the specific counterion of the first salt. In yet another embodiment, the formulation comprises Formula I as a mixture of two or more salts, and all of the counterions of the different salts are selected independently. In a preferred embodiment, the counterions in these formulations are disclosed herein.

The present invention further provides phosphate esters of florfenicol analogs (including phosphate esters of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol) that also can be useful as antibiotics and/or prodrugs of antibiotics. The present invention further provides salts of these phosphate esters of the florfenicol analogs, preferably salts comprising the counterions provided herein. One appropriate family of florfenicol analogs has recently been synthesized and characterized [U.S. 20040082553, WO03/077828, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties]. The phosphate esters of these florfenicol analogs and salts thereof, can be prepared and then employed as antibiotics and/or prodrugs of antibiotics through the teachings provided herein, in view of the teachings of U.S. 20040082553 and WO03/077828.

In a particular embodiment, a phosphate ester of a florfenicol analog of the present invention comprises the chemical structure of:

wherein R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (1C-4C)alkyl, halo, —CF₃, —NH₂, —CN and N₃;

wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein A¹ is carbon or nitrogen, and carbon atoms in the ring are independently substituted with an entity selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (1C-4C)alkyl, (3C-6C)cycloalkyl, (1C-4C)alkylO—, —CF₃, —OH, —CN, halo, (1C-4C)alkylSO—, (1C-4C)alkylSO₂—, NH₂SO₂—, (1C-4C)alkylNHSO₂—, ((1C-4C)alkyl)₂NSO₂—, —NH₂, (1C-4C)alkylNH—, ((1C-4C)alkyl)₂N—, (1C-4C)alkylSO₂NH—, (1C-4C)alkylC(O)—, (3C-6C)cycloalkylC(O)—, (1C-4C)alkylOC(O)—, (1C-4C)alkylC(O)NH—, —C(O)NH₂, (1C-4C)alkylNHC(O)— and ((1C-4C)alkyl)₂NC(O)—, wherein any of the alkyl groups within the substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from halo and hydroxy;

wherein A², A³, A⁴, and A⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, provided that at least one of A¹-A⁵ is not carbon, that the total number of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms in the ring does not exceed 4 and that the ring is aromatic; and wherein if A¹ is carbon and the ring does not contain oxygen or sulfur, one of the nitrogen atoms may optionally be substituted with an entity selected from the group consisting of (1C-4C)alkyl, (1C-4C)alkylSO₂— and —NH₂; and

wherein A⁶, A⁷, A⁸, A⁹ and A¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen and

provided that only one of A⁶-A¹⁰ at a time can be

and that one, two, or three of the A⁶-A¹⁰ atoms are nitrogen; and wherein the carbon atoms in the ring are independently substituted with an entity selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (1C-4C)alkyl, (3C-6C)cycloalkyl, (1C-4C)alkylO—, —CF₃, —OH, —CN, halo, (1C-4C)alkylSO—, (1C-4C)alkylSO₂—, NH₂SO₂—, (1C-4C)alkylNHSO₂—, ((1C-4C)alkyl)₂NSO₂—, —NH₂, (1C-4C)alkylNH—, ((1C-4C)alkyl)₂N—, (1C-4C)alkylSO₂NH—, (1C-4C)alkylC(O)—, (3C-6C)cycloalkylC(O)—, (1C-4C)alkylOC(O)—, (1C-4C)alkylC(O)NH—, —C(O)NH₂, (1C-4C)alkylNHC(O)—, ((1C-4C)alkyl)₂NC(O)— and —OCH₂O—, wherein the oxygen atoms with the —OCH₂O— substituent being bonded to adjacent ring carbon atoms, and wherein any of the alkyl groups within any of the substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from halo and hydroxy; and

wherein R⁸ is hydrogen in all compounds, except when R² and R³ are both F, in which case R⁸ is hydrogen or F; and, the compound is either a racemate having the relative stereochemistry shown or is substantially enantiomerically pure and has the absolute stereochemistry shown. In a preferred embodiment of this type, the phosphate ester of the florfenicol analog can serve as a prodrug of the corresponding florfenicol analog.

All of the forms of the florfenicol phosphate ester of the present invention (e.g., florfenicol prodrugs) as well as all of the forms of the phosphate esters of the florfenicol analogs may be prepared in pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers (e.g., solvents), and/or one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients. In addition, the present invention also provides all of the forms of the florfenicol phosphate ester and all of the forms of the phosphate esters of the florfenicol analogs of the present invention in an isolated and/or purified form.

Therefore, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a florfenicol prodrug (or a phosphate ester of a florfenicol analog) of the present invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a mixture of two or more salts of the florfenicol prodrug. In a related embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a mixture of two or more salts of a phosphate ester of a florfenicol analog.

In one embodiment the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises an organic solvent. In a particular embodiment of this type, the organic solvent is an aprotic solvent. In a related embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a mixture of an aqueous solution and an organic solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an aqueous solution. In an embodiment of this type, the pH of the aqueous solution is between pH 3.5 and pH 6.5. In another embodiment the pH of the aqueous solution is between pH 4.0 and pH 6.0. In still another embodiment, the pH of the aqueous solution is between pH 4.5 and pH 5.5. In a particular embodiment, the pH of the solution is between pH 4.2 and pH 4.8.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a mixture of a salt form of the florfenicol phosphate ester with an acid form of the florfenicol phosphate ester. In one such embodiment, the molar ratio of the base (e.g., a free amine) that is combined with the acid form of the florfenicol phosphate ester is in the range of 0.6-1.4. In another embodiment, the molar ratio is in the range of 0.8-1.2. In still another embodiment the molar ratio is in the range of 0.9-1.1.

The florfenicol phosphate ester, e.g., florfenicol prodrug, or phosphate esters of the florfenicol analogs, and/or salts of either, according to the present invention may be used to treat or prevent a bacterial infection (e.g., those listed above) by administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically- or prophylactically-effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the florfenicol prodrug or salt thereof, and/or phosphate ester of a florfenicol analog or salt thereof.

In a particular embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administered orally. In a particular embodiment of this type, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is in an aqueous solution. In one such embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is placed into a liquid to be ingested by the subject, e.g., into its drinking water.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally. Parenteral administration may involve intramuscular or intravenous injection. Parenteral administration may also involve subcutaneous injection.

The florfenicol phosphate ester (e.g., florfenicol prodrug) and/or salt thereof of the present invention, and phosphate esters of the florfenicol analogs and/or salts thereof of the present invention, may be prepared by a number of methods. In a preferred embodiment, a florfenicol prodrug is prepared by reacting florfenicol with di-tert-butylphosphoramidite in the presence of tetrazole, in a first suitable solvent, yielding a first intermediate. Next, an oxidant is added in a second suitable solvent to the first intermediate, yielding a second intermediate. After isolating the second intermediate, the second intermediate is dissolved in a third suitable solvent. The second intermediate is then reacted with trifluoroacetic acid to yield a florfenicol phosphate in its acid form. The acid form of florfenicol phosphate can subsequently be isolated. In a particular embodiments one or more of the first, second, and/or third suitable solvent(s) is(are) an aprotic solvent(s).

The isolated acid form of florfenicol phosphate ester then can be added to (or combined with) an aqueous solution of a base that comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable cation or di-cation. A salt form of the florfenicol prodrug can then be isolated, yielding an isolated florfenicol prodrug with a pharmaceutically-acceptable cation or dication.

In one embodiment of the process of preparing the florfenicol prodrugs of the present invention, the first suitable solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran. In another embodiment, the oxidant used is m-chloroperbenzoic acid. In still another embodiment, the second suitable solvent is dichloromethane. In a particular embodiment, isolating the second intermediate comprises flash column chromatography. In yet another embodiment, the third suitable solvent comprises dichloromethane. In still another embodiment, the pharmaceutically-acceptable cation is Na⁺. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutically-acceptable cation is a protonated amine. In still another embodiment, the pharmaceutically-acceptable di-cation is a bis-protonated diamine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a plot of the rate and degree of conversion to florfenicol of the phosphate ester of the present invention as compared to a glutarate ester in rat and bovine serum. (triangles—phosphate ester in bovine serum; circles, phosphate ester in rat serum; diamonds—glutarate ester in bovine serum; squares—glutarate ester in rat serum)

FIG. 2 shows a graphic presentation of florfenicol concentrations detected in the plasma of calves following intravenous administration of florfenicol phosphate ester. The plot depicts florfenicol concentrations detected in the plasma of three calves following intravenous administration of florfenicol phosphate ester prodrug at a dose of approximately 10 mg/kg of calf body weight. Each symbol denotes the data from a different calf.

FIG. 3 shows a graphic presentation of florfenicol concentrations detected in the plasma of dogs following intravenous administration of florfenicol phosphate ester. The plot depicts florfenicol concentrations in the plasma of three dogs following intravenous administration of the florfenicol phosphate ester prodrug at a dose of approximately 11.1 mg/kg of body weight, which equates to a florfenicol equivalent dose of 8.3 mg/kg. Each symbol denotes the data from a different dog.

FIG. 4 is a graphic presentation of florfenicol concentrations in the plasma of pigs following intravenous administration of florfenicol phosphate ester. The plot depicts florfenicol concentrations detected in the plasma of three pigs following intravenous administration of the florfenicol phosphate ester prodrug at a dose of approximately 6.7 mg/kg of body weight, which equates to a florfenicol equivalent dose of 5 mg/kg. Each symbol denotes the data from a different pig.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention provides an esterified form of florfenicol (e.g., a florfenicol prodrug) or an esterified form of a florfenicol analog. Such esterified forms are extremely soluble in water and can be used to treat and/or prevent bacterial infections. When the water-soluble forms of florfenicol or a florfenicol analog are administered to a subject, the esterified form of florfenicol or the florfenicol analog is efficiently converted to free florfenicol, or the free florfenicol analog, respectively.

In order to more fully appreciate the instant invention, the following definitions are provided.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation of a phosphate ester of florfenicol, including salts thereof, of the present invention (e.g., a florfenicol prodrug) or a formulation of a phosphate ester of florfenicol analog, including salts thereof, of the present invention, with a pharmaceutically acceptable exipient, and/or carrier. In a particular embodiment, the carrier is a solvent (e.g., water).

An “excipient” refers to an inert substance added to a pharmacological composition to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient. Examples, without limitation, of excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.

The term “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, refers to that amount of a prodrug of the present invention that will hydrolyze sufficiently rapidly and in sufficient amounts to provide florfenicol (or florfenicol analog) in a concentration at which it can relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of a bacterial infection in a subject. In particular embodiment, a therapeutically-effective amount refers to that amount of a florfenicol phosphate ester of the present invention that, when administered to a subject, delivers florfenicol to a subject in a sufficient plasma concentration to: (1) reduce, and preferably eliminate, the population of bacterial cells in a subject's body; (2) inhibit (i.e., slow, or preferably stop) proliferation of the bacterial cells; (3) inhibit (i.e., slow, preferably stop) spread of the bacterial infection; and/or (4) relieve (preferably eliminate) one or more symptoms associated with the infection.

The term “prophylactically-effective amount” refers to the amount of a prodrug of florfenicol, or florfenicol analog, of the present invention, that provides, upon hydrolysis, a sufficient plasma concentration of florfenicol, or the corresponding florfenicol analog, to: (1) maintain a reduced level of a population of bacterial cells achieved by a previously-administered therapeutically-effective amount of the prodrug or some other appropriate drug; (2) maintain the level of inhibition of the proliferation of bacterial cells achieved by administration of a therapeutically-effective amount of a drug; (3) maintain the degree of inhibition of the spread of the infection achieved by a therapeutically-effective amount of a drug; and/or (4) maintain the level of relief of one or more symptoms, or if symptoms were eliminated, maintain the non-existence of symptoms associated with a bacterial infection achieved by administration of a therapeutically-effective amount of a prodrug (e.g., of florfenicol ) of the present invention or some other appropriate drug. A prophylactically-effective amount also refers to that amount of a composition comprising a florfenicol prodrug of the present invention, or a florfenicol analog prodrug of the present invention, that will deliver florfenicol, or the florfenicol analog, in a sufficient plasma concentration to prohibit bacteria from accumulating in a susceptible organism in sufficient quantity to cause an infection.

An “aprotic solvent” refers to an organic solvent that does not include one or more hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom, which hydrogen is capable of dissociation or participation in hydrogen bonding.

As used herein, a “suitable” solvent refers to a solvent in which the reactants can dissolve and which does not adversely participate in the reaction, either by itself reacting with one or more components of the reaction mixture, or by interfering with the reaction of the components with one another. For any given reaction, selecting a suitable solvent is well within the ability of those skilled in the art and can be accomplished without undue experimentation.

The term “subject” refers to an animal species capable of being infected by a pathogenic bacterium, and in a particular embodiment includes humans. Appropriate animal subjects also include those in the wild, livestock (e.g., raised for meat, milk, butter, eggs, fur, leather, feathers and/or wool), beasts of burden, research animals, companion animals, as well as those raised for/in zoos, wild habitats and/or circuses.

In a particular embodiment a “subject” of the invention is a “food producing” animal. For purposes of the present invention, the term “food-producing” animal shall be understood to include all animals bred for consumption, or for consumables (e.g., dairy cows, egg-laying hens and the like) by humans and/or other animals. A non-limiting list of such animals include avians (chickens, turkeys, geese, duck, ostriches, etc.), bovines (e.g., cattle, dairy cows, buffalo), ovines (e.g., goats or sheep), porcines (e.g., hogs or pigs), equines (e.g., horses) etc., as well as aquatic animals including shellfish and fish such as trout or salmon, and other species raised or harvested for human consumption. For purposes of the present invention, the term “fish” shall be understood to include without limitation, the Teleosti grouping of fish, i.e., teleosts. Both the Salmoniformes order (which includes the Salmonidae family) and the Perciformes order (which includes the Centrarchidae family) are contained within the Teleosti grouping.

Examples of potential fish recipients include the Salmonidae family, the Serranidae family, the Sparidae family, the Cichlidae family, the Centrarchidae family, the three-Line Grunt (Parapristipoma trilineatum), and the Blue-Eyed Plecostomus(Plecostomus spp).

Salmonidae Family TAXON NAME COMMON NAME Coregonus clupeaformis Lake whitefish Coregonus hoyi Bloater Oncorhynchus keta Chum salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Pink salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Coho salmon (silver salmon) Oncorhynchus masou cherry salmon (masou salmon) Oncorhynchus nerka Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) Prosopium cylindraceum Round whitefish Oncorhynchus clarki Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout Salmo salar Atlantic salmon Salmo trutta Brown trout Salmo trutta X S. fontinalis Tiger hybrid-trout Salvelinus alpinus Arctic charr Salvelinus confluentus Bull trout Salvelinus fontinalis Brook trout Salvelinus leucomaenis Japanese charr (white spotted charr) Salvelinus malma Dolly varden (Miyabe charr) Salvelinus namaycush Lake trout Thymallus thymallus Grayling

Some Members of the Serranidae Family TAXON NAME COMMON NAME Centropristis ocyurus Bank sea bass Centropristis philadelphicus Rock sea bass Centropristis striata Black sea bass Diplectrum bivittatum Dwarf sandperch Diplectrum formosum Sand perch Epinephelus flavolimbatus Yellowedge grouper Epinephelus morio Red grouper Serranus phoebe Tattler Serranus tortugarum Chalk bass

Some Members of the Sparidae family TAXON NAME COMMON NAME Archosargus probatocephalus Sheepshead Archosargus rhomboidalis Sea bream Calamus penna Sheepshead porgy Lagodon rhomboides Pinfish Pagrus Major Red Sea bream Sparus aurata Gilthead Sea bream Stenotomus chrysops Scup

Some Members of the Cichlidae family TAXON NAME COMMON NAME Aequidens latifrons Blue acara Cichlisoma nigrofasciatum Congo cichlid Crenichichla sp. Pike cichlid Pterophyllum scalare Angel fish Tilapia mossambica Mozambique mouth breeder Oreochromis spp. Tilapia Sarotherodon aurea Golden Tilapia

Some Members of the Centrarchidae family TAXON NAME COMMON NAME Ambloplites rupestris Rock bass Centrarchus macropterus Flier Elassoma evergladei Everglades pigmy sunfish Elassoma okefenokee Okefenokee pigmy sunfish Elassoma zonatum Banded pigmy sunfish Enneacanthus gloriosus Bluespotted sunfish Enneacanthus obesus Banded sunfish Lepomis auritus Redbreast sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus X L. gibbosus Green x pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus Pumpkinseed Lepomis gulosus Warmouth Lepomis humilis Orange-spotted sunfish Lepomis macrochirus Bluegill Lepomis megalotis Longear sunfish Micropterus coosae Shoal bass Micropterus dolomieui Smallmouth bass Micropterus punctulatus Spotted bass Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass Pomoxis annularis White crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus Black crappie

In another embodiment, the subject is a companion animal. For purposes of the present invention, the term “companion” animal shall be understood to include housecats (feline), dogs (canine), rabbit species, horses (equine), rodents (e.g., guinea pigs, squirrels, rats, mice, gerbils, and hamsters), primates (e.g., monkeys) and avians, such as pigeons, doves, parrots, parakeets, macaws, canaries, and the like.

Other animals are also contemplated to benefit from the inventive florfenicol phosphate esters, including marsupials (such as kangaroos), reptiles (such as farmed turtles), game birds, swans, ratites and other economically important domestic animals.

As noted previously, florfenicol is sparingly soluble in water, i.e., to approximately 1 mg/mL. However, in commercial formulations, concentrations of 300 mg/mL or more are often desired. To achieve such concentrations, organic solvents in which florfenicol is readily soluble are used in formulations. Unfortunately, many of these solvents cause irritation that is sometimes quite severe when such florfenicol-containing compositions are administered to a subject by injection, a preferred mode of administration. The present invention supplies a solution to this problem by providing a florfenicol prodrug that has improved water solubility, and moreover, can be used in an effective and efficient in vivo delivery of florfenicol. Achieving this end, however, proved not to be a trivial matter.

Many possible florfenicol prodrugs, such as, for example, a glutarate ester of florfenicol, are quite water soluble, i.e., over several hundred milligrams per milliliter. Many of these prodrugs, however, do not readily deliver florfenicol in serum and therefore would not be expected to do so in vivo. For example, FIG. 1 shows that only approximately 6% of a glutarate ester of florfenicol hydrolyzes back to florfenicol in bovine serum and only about 3% does so in rat serum after 4 hours of contact.

Quite surprisingly, the florfenicol phosphate ester of the present invention was found to not only have excellent solubility in water, i.e., over 600 mg/mL, but also to convert to florfenicol efficiently and in substantial amounts. This is also shown in FIG. 1, where it can be seen that over four hours in rat serum and bovine serum, the sodium salt of florfenicol phosphate is converted to the extent of approximately 40% and 60%, respectively. These levels of conversion in vitro would be considered by those skilled in the art as good indicators of therapeutically-effective conversion in vivo. As predicted, substantial concentrations of florfenicol were detected in the plasma after the intravenous administration of a florfenicol phosphate ester of the present invention in cattle, dogs, and pigs (see FIGS. 2-4).

The florfenicol phosphate ester of the present invention, e.g., florfenicol prodrug, and/or salts thereof (or phosphate esters of the florfenicol analogs and/or salts thereof), can be administered to a subject by any conventional means, including orally, or by injection.

It is preferable to have the florfenicol prodrug in an aqueous ready-to-use solution, when injections are to be administered. In order to achieve maximal stability and shelf-life of the florfenicol prodrug in a solution, preferably the molar ratio of the base (e.g., a free amine) that is combined with the acid form of the florfenicol phosphate ester is maintained in the range of 0.6-1.4 in their aqueous solutions. It is more preferred to maintain this molar ratio in the 0.8-1.2 range in the aqueous solution. It is even more preferred to maintain this molar ratio in the 0.9-1.1 range in the aqueous solution. In a particular embodiment, the pH of the solution should be maintained at approximately pH 4.5.

The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following non-limiting examples, which are provided as exemplary of the invention. The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate embodiments of the invention and should in no way be construed as limiting the broad scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 [1R, 2S-1-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-(2,2-dichloroacetylamino)-3-fluoropropyl]-di-tert-butyl phosphate (1)

To a solution of florfenicol (14.32 g, 40 mmol) and tetrazole (3.96 g, 56 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 70 mL) under nitrogen, was added, dropwise, N,N-diethyl di-tert-butyl phosphoramidite (12.8 mL, 46 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours, during which time a fine precipitate formed. Stirring was continued for an additional 22.5 hours, after which the suspension was cooled to −78° C. and a solution of m-chloroperbenzoic acid (75%, 12 g) in dichloromethane (60 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed with three 100 mL portions of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to yield a gum, which was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give 10.61 g of compound 1 as a white foam.

¹H NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 MHz): δ 8.92 (d, 1H, J=9.2), 7.91 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 7.62 (d, 2H, J=8.5), 6.48 (s, 1H), 5.52 (dd, 1H, J=8.5, 3.2), 4.7−4.32 (m, 3H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 9H), 1.29 (s, 9H).

ESMS (negative mode, relative abundance shown in parentheses): m/z 208.80 (100), 491.66 (90), 493.54 (70). 547.68 (30), 549.51 (25, M⁺).

HPLC: t_(R) 11.2 min. purity 96.6% (Column: ACE 5 C18, 4.6×150 mm; mobile phase 0.1% aq. H₃PO₄/CH₃CN gradient).

Example 2 [1R, 2S-1-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-(2,2-dichloroacetylamino(-3-fluoropropyl]phosphate (2)

To a solution of compound 1 (12.75 g, 23.2 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (150 mL) under nitrogen, was added trifluoroacetic acid (15 mL), and the solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours. The solution was then concentrated in vacuo to yield a gum, which, upon trituration with diethyl ether, gave 9.97 g of compound 2 as a white solid.

¹H NMR (d₆ DMSO, 400 mHz): δ 8.81 (d, 1H, J=9.0), 7.87 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 6.43 (s, 1H), 5.58 (dd, 1H, J=9.6, 2.0), 4.80−4.3 (m, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H).

ESMS (negative mode, relative abundance shown in parentheses): m/z 435.55 (100), 437.45 (75).

HPLC: t_(R) 9.1 min, purity 91.9% (Column: ACE 5 C18, 4.6×150 mm, mobile phase 0.1% H₃PO₄/CH₃CN gradient).

Example 3 [1R, 2S-1-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-(2,2-dichloroacetylamino)-3-fluoropropyl]phosphate disodium salt (3)

The acid compound 2 (9.97 g, 22.8 mmol) was added in small portions to an aqueous solution of aqueous sodium bicarbonate (3.82 g, 45.5 mmol in 45 mL water). The resulting solution was run through an HP-20 resin column with water as the eluent. Fractions containing product were pooled and lyophilized to give 8.81 g of compound 3 as a white solid.

¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 mHz): δ 7.75 (d, 1H J=7.1), 7.57 (d, 2H, J=7.1), 6.03 (s, 1H), 5.30 (br d, 1H, J-9.7), 4.75 (ddd, 1H, J=45.5, 9.0, 4.3), 4.47 (dt, 1H, J=47, 9.0), 4.33 (br m, 1h), 3.07 (s, 3H).

ESMS (negative mode, relative abundance shown in parentheses): m/z 435.60 (100), 437.49 (70).

HPLC: t_(R) 9.2 min, purity 97.3% (Column: ACE 5 Ca8, 4.6×150 mm, mobile phase: 0.1% H₃PO₄/CH₃CN gradient).

Example 4 Conversion of Florfenicol Phosphate to Florfenicol in Serum

Florfenicol phosphate may be dissolved in a 0.1 M phosphate (KH₂PO₄) buffered medium of rat or bovine serum at 37° C. Then, 100 μL of the florfenicol phosphate-containing medium may be removed after at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours, mixed with 100 μL acetonitrile (CH₃CN) and analyzed by column chromatography (Zorbax C8 column 4.6×15 cm, eluent: 0.1% H₃PO₄/CH₃CN) to determine the percent conversion of the prodrug to florfenicol.

Example 5 Conversion of Florfenicol Glutarate to Florfenicol in Serum

Florfenicol glutarate may be dissolved in a 0.1 M phosphate (KH₂PO₄) buffered medium of rat or bovine serum at 37° C. Then, 100 μL of the florfenicol glutarate-containing medium may be removed after at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours, mixed with 100 μL acetonitrile (CH₃CN) and analyzed by column chromatography (Zorbax C8 column 4.6×15 cm, eluent: 0.1% H₃PO₄/CH₃CN) to determine the percent conversion of the prodrug to florfenicol.

Example 6 Measurement of Aqueous Solubility of the Phosphate Ester Prodrug of Florfenicol

Successive aliquots of solid phosphate ester prodrug (sodium salt) were added to water with agitation. Addition was continued until mixing became difficult due to high viscosity, at which point all of the prodrug remained in solution. An aliquot of this solution (of known volume) was diluted with a known quantity of water and was analyzed by HPLC to determine the original concentration, which was found to be greater than 700 mg/mL.

Example 7 Stability of the Phosphate Prodrug in Aqueous Solutions

Although relatively stable in aqueous solutions, over prolonged periods of time the phosphate ester of florfenicol (Formula I) undergoes slow degradation resulting in the release of free florfenicol as well as the formation of cyclic phosphate diester. The formation of the cyclic diester occurs through the phosphate anion displacement of fluorine and requires participation of the phosphate di-anion, which is much more nucleophilic than the corresponding mono-anion. Therefore, the rate of formation of the cyclic diester is largely dependent on the pH of the solution or more generally, on the degree of the phosphate ionization. Heating a solution of the bis sodium salt of florfenicol phosphate prodrug results in almost quantitative conversion of the prodrug into cyclic diester. Satisfactory stability of aqueous solutions of the prodrug can be achieved when the amount close to one equivalent of either sodium hydroxide or ethanolamine is added to the concentrated aqueous solution of the florfenicol phosphate prodrug resulting in the pH range of approximately pH 4.5 to pH 5.5. However, even such small changes of pH result in noticeable differences of the amount of the cyclic phosphate diester formed.

pH % Compound A % Compound B % Compound C 4.54 94.40 0.17 1.02 4.95 93.38 0.37 1.01 5.53 93.06 1.41 0.93 An aqueous solution of the phosphate ester of florfenicol in the phosphate acid form containing 300 mg/mL of active florfenicol was heated at 40° C. for 30 days under nitrogen. Initial HPLC purity of the prodrug acid was 98.3% with no noticeable amounts of cyclic phosphate B and free florfenicol C. Similar results were obtained when ethanolamine was used to adjust the pH of the solution:

pH % Compound A % Compound B % Compound C 4.48 93.43 0.18 0.92 5.03 95.83 0.58 0.86 5.51 93.83 1.25 0.70 An aqueous solution of prodrug phosphate acid containing 300 mg/mL of active florfenicol was heated at 40° C. for 30 days under nitrogen. Initial HPLC purity of the prodrug acid was 98.3% with no noticeable amounts of cyclic phosphate B and free florfenicol C.

The florfenicol phosphate prodrug is less stable below pH 4 or at neutral or higher pH ranges. In addition, increased ionic strength reduces the aqueous stability of florfenicol phosphate prodrug in solution.

Example 8 Conversion of Florfenicol Phosphate to Florfenicol in Cattle

Florfenicol phosphate was dissolved in water to a concentration of approximately 600 mg/mL. The solution was then injected intravenously into three calves weighing 69 to 121 kg to provide a dose of approximately 10 mg/kg of calf body weight. Plasma samples were collected after drug administration and analyzed for concentrations of florfenicol by HPLC-MS/MS. Plasma florfenicol concentrations increased rapidly following treatment (FIG. 2). These data demonstrate that the prodrug is rapidly cleaved to florfenicol in cattle.

Example 9 Conversion of Florfenicol Phosphate to Florfenicol in Dogs

Florfenicol phosphate was dissolved in water to a concentration of approximately 200 mg/mL. The solution was then injected intravenously into three dogs weighing 9 to 15 kg to provide a dose of approximately 11 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma samples were collected after drug administration and analyzed for concentrations of florfenicol by HPLC-MS/MS. Plasma florfenicol concentrations increased rapidly following treatment (FIG. 3). These data demonstrate that the prodrug is rapidly cleaved to florfenicol in dogs.

Example 10 Conversion of Florfenicol Phosphate to Florfenicol in Swine

Florfenicol phosphate was dissolved in water to a concentration of approximately 300 mg/mL. The solution was then injected intravenously into three pigs weighing 10 to 15 kg to provide a dose of approximately 6.7 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma samples were collected after drug administration and analyzed for concentrations of florfenicol. Plasma florfenicol concentrations increased rapidly following treatment (FIG. 4). These data demonstrate that the prodrug is rapidly cleaved to florfenicol in pigs.

Many modifications and variations of the present invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, together with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 

1. A method of treating a subject that has a bacterial infection or that is susceptible to infection by a pathogenic bacterium comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically- or prophylactically-effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a florfenicol phosphate ester having the chemical structure

or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; wherein said administering of the prophylactically-effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition to the subject animal results in a sufficient plasma concentration of florfenicol to prohibit bacteria from accumulating in sufficient quantity to cause an infection.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the florfenicol phosphate ester is a florfenicol prodrug having the chemical structure:

wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are H⁺ or a pharmaceutically-acceptable mono-cation, or taken together, are a pharmaceutically-acceptable di-cation.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are independently selected from the group consisting of H⁺, Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, and K⁺.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein M₁ ⁺or M₂ ⁺ is H⁺ and M₂ ⁺ or M₁ ⁺, which is not H⁺, is Na⁺.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are both Na⁺.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are independently selected from the group consisting of H⁺ and a protonated amine.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the protonated amine is NR¹R²R³H⁺, and wherein R^(1,) R^(2,) and R³ are independently selected to be either H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH₂CH₂OH and —CH₂C(CH₂OH)₃.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the protonated amine is selected from the group consisting of:


9. The method of claim 8, wherein the protonated amine is:


10. The method of claim 7, wherein R¹ is either H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH₂CH₂OH and —CH₂C(CH₂OH)₃; and wherein R² and R³are linked to form a five or six membered ring.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the five or six membered ring are selected from the group consisting of pirolidine, piperidine, or morpholine.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ comprise respectively, H⁺ and a mono-cationic form of a dibasic amino acid.
 13. The method of claim 2, wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are independently selected to be either H⁺, meglumine, benzocaine, or procaine.
 14. The method of claim 2, wherein M₁ ⁺ and M₂ ⁺ are taken together, and selected from the group consisting of Ca⁺², Mg⁺², a bis-protonated diamine, and a di-cationic form of a dibasic amino acid.
 15. The method of claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an aqueous solution.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is between pH 3.5 and pH 6.5.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is between pH 4.0 and pH
 6. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is between pH 4.5 and pH 5.5.
 19. The method of claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a mixture of two or more salts of the florfenicol prodrug.
 20. The method of claim 2, wherein the florfenicol phosphate ester is a mixture of a salt form of the florfenicol phosphate ester and an acid form of the florfenicol phosphate ester; and wherein a molar ratio of the base that is combined with the acid form of the florfenicol phosphate ester is in the range of 0.6-1.4.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the molar ratio is in the range of 0.8-1.2.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the molar ratio is in the range of 0.9-1.1.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally or parenterally.
 24. The method of claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally or parenterally. 